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BITUMEN生產

在可商購的各種各樣的原油中，僅有限數量的原油被認為適合於以商業數量生產所需質量的瀝青。通常，這些是具有高硫含量的重質原油。
在現代化的綜合精煉廠中，通常的做法是混合多種原油，以生產出符合精確工程規格的質量穩定的優質瀝青。

處理

精心挑選的原油蒸餾後的殘渣提供了瀝青生產的基礎材料。瀝青精製將較輕的餾分與殘渣分離。根據原油來源和可用的加工能力，使用了幾種製造方法來生產規範瀝青。通常選擇過程的組合。該圖顯示了所採用的主要煉油工藝的彙編。

Residues from the distillation of meticulously selected crude oils provide the base materials for bitumen production. Bitumen refining separates the lighter fractions from the residues. Several manufacturing methods are used to produce specification bitumens depending on the crude source and processing capabilities available. Often a combination of processes is selected. The illustration shows a compilation of the main refinery processes employed.

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DISTILLATION

The most common refining process is a straight reduction from crude or a crude blend, using atmospheric and vacuum distillation. In the diagram, atmospheric distillation is used to separate lighter petrochemical and fuel fractions from the non-boiling component at the bottom, known as an atmospheric residue. The lighter fractions, such as gas oil and fuel oils are fed to other refinery units. The atmospheric residue is retained for bitumen. To remove the last traces of the lighter fractions and avoid heat transformation of the molecules, the atmospheric residue is introduced into a vacuum distillation unit, here the pressure reduction lowers boiling temperatures and the unwanted thermal cracking of the molecules can be avoided.

SOLVENT DE-ASPHALTING

Specific solvents can also be used to separate the lubricant and bitumen components of crude, without damaging their chemical structure. According to the solvent used – propane or butane – different categories of bitumen can be obtained. Along with finely controlled variations in the vacuum distillation process, these processes permit the production of bitumens with varying levels of penetration. This property and the softening point are the two fundamental defining characteristics of bitumens produced to engineering specifications. Further key physical properties are sensitivity to temperature and ageing, cohesion and elasticity, all of which are measured by precise tests.

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